Nº 78.
Número Especial
Responsabilidad
Social
Corporativa y
Sostenibilidad en
Tiempos Post-
Covid-19
Tercer trimestre /
Third Quarter
2023
ISSN:2659-3270

Physical features of managers and political leaders have been present in academic
studies, suggesting that managers’ traits are closely linked to organizational behaviors
and performance. In fact this is the question to be answer by the article “The Masculine
Face Wins?: Joint Effect of Crime Rate on the Election Results” made by Professors Shin
Wo, Gwoak Yun and Hyeong Choi, from Hanyang University (Seoul).
To answer this question Based on these findings the article analyzed the effect of
candidates’ facial masculinity on the general election results making an empirical test
based on the 21st South Korea Congressional Election data, analyzing individual
masculinity as measured by the facial width-to-height ratio. Also it has been determine
how the local crime rate moderates the correlation. Multilevel models showed that
candidates’ physical features had an inverted U-shaped relationship with election results.
This study also provides an interesting managerial implications.
“The applicability of the RCII index on the Sharing Economy: The implications of the
country risk on internationalization processes” is the title of the article written by Professors
Pérez-Pérez and Benito-Osorio,. both from Rey Juan Carlos University. Given the unique
characteristics of the Sharing Economy, it is showed the need of alternative approaches
to the traditional internationalization theories to analyze the sharing economy platforms.
This article offers an alternative to predict which countries may be more attractive for
the internationalization of platforms using the Robinson Country Intelligence Index
(RCII) , considering variables such as market access, social conditions or environmental
sustainability. In fact the article analyzed four main groups of variables: Governance,
economics, operations, society. In the index each group of variables is weight the same.
The article “Feed Back as a Teaching Tool: Its Impact on the Motivation of Higher
Education Students” has been written by Profesors Villoro Armengol, D. González
Ibáñez (both from ESIC Business&Marketing School), Hinojosa Alcalde (Institut
Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya) and Estaún Ferrer (Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona). The main underlying point of the article is that a Well-executed feedback
provides students with relevant information about their performance that can be used to
identify areas for improvement and at the same time become aware of their strengths that
can be reinforce and develop.
The data of the article comes from a sample of undergraduates students of marketing
and physical education degree courses, selected by probabilistic sampling stratified by
courses and gender. As the authors justify quality feedback generates motivation, while
the absence of information, or even incorrect information, leads to disaffection. This
research aims to “strengthen the commitment of the educational professional to rigorously
(never routinely) assume the responsibility of providing objective and constructive
feedback”.
The fourth article included in the current issue of our Journal, entitled “Spatial distribution
of Cultural Ecosystem Services and Estimating follower willingness to pay for Sustainable
Conservation and Restoration of Monastery Forest Patches in northernWollo Ethiopia” has
been written by Arayaselassie Abebe, Tamrat Bekele, Ermias Lulekal, Arega Shumete,
Paloma Cariñanos, Edelina Coayla.
Due to several factors the dense forest of Ethiopia has declined to less than 3%.The
surviving forest areas serve as a refuge for animals and important plant species and
to some extend are residual forest patches of The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo
Monasteries and Churches (EOTC). As said in the article religious rituals in all
communities are important to conserve sacred trees and forest. The study attempted to estimate the EOTC follower’s willingness to pay for the protection and restoration of
these relict monastic and church forest patches. Te authors have done a survey during
the annual ceremonies, to a number of respondents randomly selected. They found that
income, age, education, and family size were all shown to be significantly correlated with
willingness to pay to protect church forests. The research revealed that 96% of followers
are willing to donate to a suggested conservation fund.
Juan José Durán Herrera. Director UCJC Business & Society Review
Juan Díez Nicolás. Director UCJC Business & Society Review
30 de marzo de 2023

LETTER FROM THE EDITOR IN CHIEF
NUMBER 75 BUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW
The article “Influence of suffering in the workplace in health, occupational safety, and
professional performance”, written by S.Liberal Ormaechea (Francisco de Vitoria
University),C.Paredes (Complutense University), E. Gismera (Pontificia Comillas
University) and J. Sastre (Esic Business School), makes explicit an idea of a new topic to
be researched as well as of the content of the paper.
The article shows an innovative look at an under-researched topic: suffering in the
workplace. The paper helps to discover what has been done and what is needed
to develop and to change in the field of this theme. In fact neither the current human
management systems, nor the specialized literature directly address this problem.
Suffering in the workplace is a theme that must be taken seriously in consideration in the
interests of both, workers and company performance. There is a lack of knowledge about
how to manage the suffering in organizations.
A discussion group composed of human resources directors was part of the research.
Managers of some of the main Spanish companies, nationals and multinationals were
selected bay sexes, ages, sectors of activity, and different sizes and with different seniority
in the job.
The main objective of the article about strategy, profitability and sustainability of the hotel
industry in Ecuador is to identify a set of hotels that have a common profile based upon
relevant variables such as profitability, capabilities and resources, leadership, strategies,
and sustainability.
The empirical evidence has been developed through a questionnaire to a sample of 84
hotels (71 % of the population) in Ecuador in 2019. A cluster analysis was done which
allow to differentiate hotels with a greater technological base, market oriented from those
based on cost leadership. The conclusions obtained from a cluster analysis reveal that
sustainability is one of the key variables, along with technology and market orientation.
There are coincidence among the three clusters in terms of employment, the need of
market oriented approach, access to high technology, management capabilities and
environmental sustainability. In the article it is possible to find some policy implications for
managers in commercial and strategy perspectives.
Increasing the loyalty towards brands could be an objective of the strategy of firms. A
way of increasing conventional loyalty programmes effectiveness is through promoting
engagement. The article analyses whether gamified loyalty programme engagement
transfers to a more enduring engagement and loyalty towards the brand. The results
showed that customer engagement with the gamified loyalty and increases share-ofpurchase portfolio. The article is based upon transversal data obtained in a unique point
of time. And as the authors have suggested future longitudinal research is needed to
analyze the engagement of agents throughout time.
The article “Presence of traditional Spanish television content on the social network
TikTok” written by Professors J. Gallardo-Camacho and A. Maganto-Pérez (from
Universidad Camilo José Cela), deals with the relationship between Spanish traditional
television content and TikTok. The authors identify what kind of television content goes
viral on TikTok in Spain. For that purpose, this research examines an 80-day-longcontent
analysis of TikTok, which produce a sample of 6,000 videos. In the empirical analysis
it has been used a questionnaire surveyed (from June 28 to September 5, in 2021)
applied to 412 users; and four semi-structured interviews with industry experts. This is a very important methodological contribution of this article, the use of three different
complementary measurement instruments: content analysis of media, survey research
with a sample of users, and depth interviews with experts.
The article shows that the presence of television on TikTok is not controlled by the
television networks that produce such content, but instead responds to the spontaneous
strategies of users.
Juan José Durán Herrera. Director UCJC Business & Society Review
Juan Díez Nicolás. Director UCJC Business & Society Review
30 de diciembre de 2022

LETTER FROM THE EDITOR IN CHIEF
NUMBER 74 BUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW
The initial paper included in this issue of our journal deals with sovereign debt portfolios
and exposure of small European banks and has been written by Mariña Martínez Malvar
and Laura Baselga-Pascual. The period studied include the years of European debt crisis
and deals with uu3 banks of 17 countries. The main results of this research indicate that
capitalization and credit quality are the main determinant factors of the sovereign debt
exposure of small size banks showing, at the same time, a greater risk aversion and a
more efficient loan policy of those entities. As the authors recognize unexpectedly found
that credit quality is positively correlated to the sovereign debt exposure which could be
explained by the conservative nature of their business model together with the small size
of the banks. Also, the paper suggest that small banks have better knowledge of local
and regional economies and use specific methodologies to analyse the credit risk of local
businesses.
The second paper of this issue by professors Andrés Salas Vallina and Javier Elvira
Soria, analyze the impact of emotional intelligence on happiness at work as a new clue
for improving quality of working life. The research took place out in the education sector.
And as the authors suggest the study should also be extended to other services sectors
such as hospitality or healthcare. The article concludes that emotional intelligence only
fosters happiness at work when it develops resilience. Also, the research offers an
emotional intelligence measurement scale as well as underlying that happiness at work
is a concept of growing importance in academic research. It also has policy implications
for organizations, assuming that the explanatory capacity of happiness at work might be
influenced by other variables and institutional factors.
In the article by Nerea Goikoetxea Gazpio we can appreciate that the non-profit
organizations (NPOs) has been play a relevant role in many institutional and economic
aspects of private and public organizations both at a national and international levels.
Given the social and economic relevance of non-profit organizations (NPOs), to have
performance measurement systems for this institutions is significant not only for policy
implementations decisions but also as for the stakeholder knowledge and responsibility.
This article aims to make a conceptual approach to determine the main advances made at
the theoretical level, based on the description of the main contributions made in the field,
by means of a systematic review of the literature.
A good management of pedagogical leadership depends on the design of an efficient
relational dynamics in educational services as key variables. The article of Professors Juan
Carlos Nué and Margarita Alcaide Risoto developed a correlation study complemented
by a mean difference analysis based upon data of 63 schools of the largest network of
private schools in Peru and was compared to the levels of satisfaction that a great number
of parents reported on their management. The paper concludes that there is “a significant
positive correlation and that the difference is highly significant between the Interpersonal
dimension of the School Director and his or her management”. The idea that the personal
recourses, social and psychological are identified as interpersonal components and the
anemic moods those underlying the management practice.
Juan José Durán Herrera. Director UCJC Business & Society
Juan Díez Nicolás. Director UCJC Business & Society Review

LETTER FROM THE EDITOR IN CHIEF

NUMBER 73 BUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW

The articles included in this issue of our Journal deals with the analysis of the following
topics. In the first place, the paper entitled “Regional differences of the impact of
international DMO social media campaigns in China. The case of Canary Islands”
identified the determinant factors of the China’s outbound tourism to determine the linear
relationships between the Tier level of the city and the number of users who interacted in
the foreign DMO campaigns. Lower Tier localization is a significant factor in increasing
the number of users who interact with the promotional messages of foreign DMOs. As
the authors pointed out our “findings may help international Destination Marketing
Organizations to create effective geographic segmentation for their social media
campaigns in China”.
The article“vertical quasi-integration. Mercadona’s keiretsu, growth and performance
(2012-2018)” involves a comparative analysis over a six-year period for the major
Spanish retailer (Mercadona) and its network of suppliers. The success of the main or
central distributor company has been shared with its suppliers (79% of all the companies
considered integrated suppliers). The paper concludes that there are advantages for the
companies that are part of the network of inter-suppliers; they gain efficiency minimizing
transaction costs and generating synergies.
“Financial institutions facing the challenge of the European taxonomy of sustainable
investments and the circular economy disclosure” is the title of the next paper included
in this issue. The framework is the European taxonomy of sustainable investments. This
paper analyses how entities within the banking sector inform about the circular economy
to their stakeholders, to contribute to sustainability objectives. To this end, the authors
analysed the sustainability reports of a sample of Spanish financial institutions. Special
treatment is given to the use of financial instruments for circular models such as renting
as a case study for a specific financial company.
This study follows a qualitative analysis with a double methodological approach, a) by
performing an external analysis of the non-financial information about circular economy in
a sample of Spanish financial entities, and b) as a case study by exploring the application
of an instrument such as renting through semi-structured interviews with professionals
from a financial entity.
Finally, the article “Digital skills and technological accessibility as challenges for the
labour market insertion of people with disabilities in the audiovisual sector” as the authors
recognize a second stage of a research, focused on the most demanded digital skills in
the audiovisual field and the possibilities for people with disabilities to acquire them. The
objective is o increase their employability in this sector.
There is a need to adapt digital devices to this group. This implies not only analyzing their
accessibility but also identifying the existing barriers to their use. Through a series of indepth interviews, the article show an x-ray of the current situation and point out a series of
actions for improvement, with implications for business and for public policy.

Juan Díez Nicolás. Director UCJC Business & Society Review,
Juan José Durán Herrera. Director UCJC Business & Society Review,
30 de junio 2022

LETTER FROM THE EDITOR IN CHIEF

NUMBER 72 BUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW

The article on “Comparison between the qualities suggested in the Spanish educational
system and those preferred by families, according to educational level”, is an empirical
analysis that attempts to compare the qualities that, according to Spanish educational legislation
should be transmitted to children through teaching, and the qualities that Spanish
families believe should be transmitted to children. The authors have done first an analysis
of legal educational texts, to extract from them the values that, according to educational
policies should be transmitted to students, and then they have analysed surveys conducted
in Spain with national representative samples in seven waves between 1981 and 2022,
to extract the values that Spanish families have considered, in each of those dates, that
should be transmitted to children.
The second paper deal on how to optimize online sales of luxury cosmetics in Spain identifying
the profile of the online buyers of luxury cosmetics ion Spain, based on a sample of
consumers. To contextualize the explanatory model proposed by the authors identify the
constraints, barriers and drivers of the online purchase. The model allows to the companies
in the industry the optimization of the online decisions. The empirical analysis was made
just before the actual pandemic appeared. And it is already known that this context has,
with no doubt, influenced the purchasing behavior of individuals that has lead to a strong
growth of the online market.
The article “Digital transformation of the Spanish banking sector: Impact on jobs and professional
profiles” underling how the digital transformation processes have deeply change
the banking sector throughout employment and the professional profiles. During the period
2015-2020 for each entity the number of digital customers and clients have increased considerably
while, at the same time, a large number of baking branches have been closed
down and the employment have decreased too. This process has important implications
for human resource management of the banking sector in Spain: recruiting and selecting
employees and potential candidates.
The article on “The importance of Social Sciences in the development of technology for
complex public. VR4ALL: a case study” departs from the observation that there are several
different and even mistaken definitions of disability in society, as well as different normative
definitions of a body. This implies that there are different social distances between concrete
bodies with respect to the normative definition of body, something that has implications on
the design of technologies for persons with different disabilities. The authors describe and
analyse the possibilities of project VR4ALL, which consists of a normative revision to adapt
the design of virtual reality technology to these concepts. This project has originated at the
Camilo Jose Cela University, and its results will allow to extend its application not only to
persons with some disability, but also to other social groups like the elderly, children, persons
with a lower socio-economic status, etc.

Juan Díez Nicolás
Director UCJC Business & Society Review,
Juan José Durán Herrera
Director UCJC Business & Society Review,

LETTER FROM THE EDITOR IN CHIEF
NUMBER 71 BUSINESS AND SOCIETY REVIEW
The present issue (number 70) of this Journal has four articles. The first one can be included as a contribution to the Accounting History perspective. The paper aims to analyse
the account books of the comedy corrals (corrales de comedias) in the period 1700-1744.
The analysis shows that account books overcome the mere set of figures and data; they
are documents that allowed the managers of the corrals to go beyond the mere accounting
data and allowed to intervene in areas of personnel management, control of theatrical innovation and analysis of audience satisfaction. In fact, it was created a truly strategic system
of management
The article written by Nathaly Pinzón Rubio, José Luis González-Pernía y Javier Montero
analyses the fundamental differences between entrepreneurial teams and individual entrepreneurs based on the performance differences between them in terms of innovation,
internationalization, and employment generation. Using a representative sample. This article concludes that entrepreneurial teams generate better results than individual entrepreneurs, especially in a high economic freedom environment.
The title of the article “The impact of Strategic Climate Planning on Carbon Performance:
An empirical examination of Mexican listed firms” is a clear sign of its contents. The theoretical framework is based on stakeholder and institutional perspective and the empirical
analysis is based on to data for a period 2014-2018. The article underlines the significant
effect of strategic planning along with the emission trading component on carbon performance
The fourth article analyses the relevance that non-visible factors can have on business and
economic activities as can be seeing throughout the deep and persistent impacts which
ETA´s violence has had on the business environment. The article shows articulation of the
temporal persistence and the business context in which the violence was projected and
has shown indirect effects. The role of resilience appears as a stealth antidote to terror.
Juan Díez Nicolás
Director UCJC Business & Society Review,
Juan José Durán Herrera
Director UCJC Business & Society Review,
30 de septiembre 2021

This issue features the work of Professors López-Trigo and Bigné from the University of Valencia and Professor Puchalt from the Cardenal Herrera Oria-CEU University, who analyze the social media strategies of two emerging Spanish political parties, Vox and Más País, concluding on the capacity of Twitter to coordinate messages, and Facebook and Whatsapp to disseminate or expand messages. The authors also stress the capacity of fake news to generate certain emotional states and the unexplored potential of the Linkedin network for political parties. The work of Professors Olmo-Vera and Brusca-Alijarde of the University of Zaragoza analyze the most relevant risk areas included in the audit reports of state-owned companies in Spain and conclude that in general the audit reports of this type of companies contain few audit exceptions and the most relevant risks are associated with revenue recognition and provisions and the valuation of fixed assets, inventories and financial assets.  The work of Professor Pérez-Cano of the Institución Universitaria Salazar y Herrera and Professors López-Torres and García-Pineda of the Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano review the scientific literature in order to know the strategic factors that positively affect the innovative behavior of the individual in the firm, reaching the conclusion that the adoption of a process of design of organizational routines that has a dynamic character and the training of personnel are the two key elements in promoting the innovative behavior of the individual within organizations. Finally, the work of Professors Olloqui, Recalde and Alfaro of the University of Navarra builds a model to drive social innovation processes in the supply chain. The final model of social innovation in the supply chain must be based on internal factors such as company culture, strategy and the international nature of the company, and on external factors such as openness to collaboration within a sector, policies that promote social innovation and international organizations as catalysts for social innovation processes.

This issue opens with the work of Professors Bolaños and Bilbao from the Universidad Pontificia de Comillas which delves into the emerging concept of shareholder activism. The authors create a model that explains shareholder activism based on their motivations such as the improvement of social performance and the economic return of the invested company, a set of variables of influence that include the nature of the investor, its investment strategy and the relationship with the board, and the mechanisms of influence, whether in the General Meeting, through voting proposals or through means that are less visible to the company. The second paper presented in this issue focuses on the unknown world of the relationship between start-ups and large companies when it comes to establishing joint innovation initiatives. The work prepared by professors Rodríguez-Ferradas of Tecnum-University of Navarra, Bohemia of Oslo Metropolitan University, and Canik of Loughborough University concludes that start-ups use relationships with large companies to pivot the business model and scale the business towards new market niches. However, achieving this goal is not easy since the authors show that the relationship has two phases, a first one (pilot phase) in which the relationship is fluid because the partner in the large company belongs to innovation or business development units much more open to the alliance with startups, and a second phase (industrialization phase) in which start-ups need to interact with legal or purchasing units that have processes not in line with the needs of the start-ups. The third work, prepared by professors Comeche-Martinez and Pascual-Ivars of the University of Valencia, analyzes the expectations of workers with respect to a future company, concluding that if firms want to attract talent, they must first be able to detect the type of worker that each candidate is and adapt the job offer to the demands of each type of worker. The work detects a first type of worker typically with more work experience that gives less importance to the salary in the new company, and more to the stability of the labor relationship. A second type of worker values more the possibilities of personal growth and recognition. A third type looks for challenging jobs in which it is not necessary to establish a long-term relationship. One of the interesting results of the work is that the authors consider this third group as the main protagonists of the ignition of processes of change and innovation in companies.   Finally, the fourth work elaborated by the researchers Liberal-Ormaechea from the University Francisco de Vitoria and Rodríguez-Hernández from the University Rey Juan Carlos make a very deep analysis of the strategies in social networks of 7 luxury brands in the fashion industry. The authors of the study come to interesting conclusions as they observe that brand value is more associated with the overall brand strategy and the characteristics of the brand's social media audiences than with the intensity or content of the social media communication.