Implementation of corporate social responsibility in Spanish marinas: An analysis of drivers and barriers
Main Article Content
Abstract
Marinas are coastal infrastructures designed for tourist docking, lodging, and services. Their future is at risk, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies can ensure sustainable development. This study analyzes knowledge, intention, and implementation of CSR in 85 Spanish marinas using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling. Results show lack of knowledge and absent regulations hinder CSR adoption, while economic benefits and stakeholder pressure are not key drivers. Findings offer insights for policymakers and managers to design sustainable strategies.
Article Details
Section
How to Cite
References
Abrini, Z. B., Reinders, J. G., & Gómez, R. C. (2024). Maximizing Economic Benefits or Being Conscious? A Comparative Analysis of Organizational Learning Capability, Innovation and Wellbeing. UCJC Business and Society Review (formerly known as Universia Business Review), 21(83).
Agudo-Valiente, J. M., Garcés-Ayerbe, C., & Salvador, M. (2017). Corporate Social Responsibility Drivers and Barriers According to Managers’ Perception; Evidence from Spanish Firms. Sustainability, 9 (10), 1821.
Albort-Morant, G., Henseler, J., Cepeda-Carrión, G., & Leal-Rodríguez, A. L. (2018). Potential and realized absorptive capacity as complementary drivers of green product and process innovation performance. Sustainability, 10 (2), 381.
Alhaddi, H. (2015). Triple Bottom Line and Sustainability: A Literature Review. Business and Management Studies, 1 (2), 6-10.
Aras, G., & Crowther, D. (2008). Evaluating sustainability: a need for standards. Issues in Social and Environmental Accounting, 2 (1), 19-35.
ANEN. (2018). Impacto Económico del Sector de la Náutica de Recreo. https://www.anen.es/download/general/Presentacion-del-proyecto_Impacto-economico_080318.pdf.
Bhagwat, P. (2011). Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development. In Proceedings of the Articles and Case Studies: Inclusive & Sustainable Growth Conference, 1 (1), 15-16.
Biondi, E. (2014). Planning sustainable Marinas: The social dimensions of sustainability. PIANC World Congress San Francisco, USA. 1-16
Boza J., González, M. M., & De León, J. (2014). La ley de puertos 33/2010 y la responsabilidad social. Criterio Libre, 12 (21), 199-218.
Brown, J. A., & Forster, W. R. (2013). CSR and Stakeholder Theory: A Tale of Adam Smith. Journal of Business Ethics, 112 (2), 301-312.
CEA (2019). La economía Azul de Andalucía. https://almeria2030.es/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/La-Economia-Azul-en-Andalucia.pdf.
Chin, W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In: Marcoulides, G. (Ed). Modern methods for business research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, 295-358.
Chin, W. W. (2010). Bootstrap cross-validation indices for PLS path model assessment. In Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W.W., Henseler, J. & Wang, H. (Eds), Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications, 2, Springer, Heidelberg, 83-97.
Chin, W. W., Peterson, R. A., & Brown, P. S. (2008). Structural equation modelling in marketing: Some practical reminders. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 16 (4), 287-298.
Cruz-Pérez, N., Rodríguez-Martín, J., García, C., Ioras, F., Christofides, N., Vieira, M., Bruccoleri, M., & Santamarta, J. C. (2021). Comparative study of the environmental footprints of marinas on European Islands. Scientific Reports, 11, 9410.
Cuesta Romero, A., Delgado Márquez, B., & Aguilera Caracuel, J. (2025). Global Challenges: Sustainable Recommendations and Practices in the European Business Environment. UCJC Business & Society Review, 22(85).
Davis, K. (1973). The Case for and against Business Assumption of Social Responsibilities. Academy of Management Journal, 16 (2), 312-322.
Dijkstra, T. K., & Henseler, J. (2015). Computational statistics and data analysis consistent and asymptotically normal PLS estimators for linear structural equations. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 81, 10-23.
Emezi, C. N. (2014). Corporate Social Responsibility: A Strategic Tool to Achieve Corporate Objective. Responsibility & Sustainability, 2 (3), 43-56.
Evermann, J., & Tate, M. (2012). Comparing the predictive ability of PLS and covariance analysis. International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). Orlando, FL, December.
Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A Primer for Soft Modeling. The University of Akron Press, Akron, Ohio.
Fasoulis, I., & Emek, R. (2018). Determinants to the implementation of corporate social responsibility in the maritime industry: a quantitative study. Journal of International Maritime Safety, Environmental Affairs, and Shipping, 3, 10-20.
Filimon, D. (2023). Status of the Marinas’ Development in the Southern Region of the Romanian Sea Coast: Implications for Sustainable Recreational Transport in the Black Sea. Sustainability, 15, 7979.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior. Reading, Addison-Wesley.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39-50.
Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Pitman, Boston, MA.
Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effects model. Biometrika, 61 (1), 101-107.
Giner, J. M. (2021). Innovación en la economía azul de la Comunidad Valenciana. https://labora.gva.es/documents/166000883/175160492/3_3_INFORME+ECONOMIA+AZUL+DE+LA+COMUNIDAD+VALENCIANA+UA+2021.pdf.
Gligor-Cimpoieru, D. C., & Munteanu, V. P. (2015). CSR Benefitsand Costs in a Strategic Approach. Annals of the University of Craiova. Economic Sciences Series, 1 (43), 93-103.
González-Espinosa, P. C., Singh, G. G., & Cisneros-Montemayor, A. M. (2025). “mplementing the Blue Economy: Analysis of indicator interrelationships across countries and over time. Ocean & Coastal Management, 262, 107589.
González-Morales, O., Santana Talavera, A., & Domínguez González, D. (2021). The involvement of marine tourism companies in CSR: the case of the island of Tenerife. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 11427-11450.
González-Morales, O., Santana, A., & Calero, F. J. (2023). Factors influencing the level of Social Responsibility of marine tourism companies and restaurants: The island of Fuerteventura. Island Studies Journal, 18 (1), 264-284.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Sage,Thousand Oaks, CA.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31 (1), 2-24.
Hakala, S. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility and Organizational Culture in Corporate Restructuring - The Case of an Insurance Sector Acquisition. Uppsala. Sweden.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43 (1), 115-135.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3 (4), 424-453.
Ivanova, A., Cariño, M. M., Monteforte-Sánchez, M., Ramírez, E. A., & Domínguez, W. (2017). The blue economy as sustainability Pathway for coastal regions: the case of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Sociedad y Ambiente, 14, 75-98.
Jugović, T. P., Agatić, A., Gračan, D., & Šekularac–Ivošević, S. (2022). Sustainable activities in Croatian marinas–towards the “green port” concept. Pomorstvo, 36 (2), 318-327.
Kaya, G., & Mansuroglu, E. (2020). Corporate social responsibility; an analysis of ports´ websites. Turkish Journal of Maritime and Marine Sciences, 6, 51-65.
Klaric S, Afric, K., & Trost, K. (2015). Corporate social responsibility of Croatian marinas. Ekonomska Misao i Praksa, 1, 81-101.
Klimek, H., & Dabrowski, J. (2018). Corporate social responsibility of the port of Gdynia. SHS Web of Conferences, 57, 01017.
Lam J. S. L., & Li, K. X. (2019). Green port marketing for sustainable grouth and development. Transport Policy, 84, 73-81.
Laudal, T. (2011). Drivers and barriers of CSR and the size and internationalization of firms. Social Responsibility Journal, 7 (2), 234-256.
Liao, Ch., Tseng, K., Cullinae, K., & Lu, C. (2010). The impact of an emerging port on the carbon dioxide emissions of inland container transport: an empirical study of Taipei port. Energy Policy, 38 (9), 5251-5257.
Longo, M., Mura, M., & Bonoli, A. (2005). Corporate social responsibility and corporate performance: the case of Italian SMEs. Corporate Governance. The International Journal of Business in Society, 5 (4), 28-42.
López-Morales, J. S. (2020). Social responsibility internationalization. An analysis of the mission and the vision of the major ports in Latin America. Revista El Colegio de San Luis, 10 (21), 00023.
Martínez-Vázquez, R. M., De Pablo, J., & Caparrós, J. L. (2021). Marinas and sustainability: Directions for future reseach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 164, 112035.
Martínez-Vázquez, R. M., De Pablo, J., & Milán-García, J. (2022). Impact analysis of marinas on nautical tourism in Andalusia. Marine Science and Engineering, 10, 780.
Mbogoh, E., & Ogutu, M. (2017). Challenges of Implementing Corporate Social Responsibility Strategies by Commercial Banks in Kenya. Journal of Business and Strategic Management, 2 (2), 1-16.
McElhaney, K. (2009). A Strategic Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility. Leader to Leader, 52, 30-36.
Moir, L. (2001). What Do We Mean by Corporate Social Responsibility? Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 1 (2), 16-22.
Observatorio Sectorial DBK (2020). Informe Especial Basic: Puertos Deportivos. https://www.dbk.es/es/informes-especiales-basic/puertos-deportivos.
Pace, L. A., Saritas, O., & Deidun, A. (2023). Exploring future research and innovation directions for a sustainable blue economy. Marine Policy, 148, 105433.
Poletan, T., Agatić, A., Gračan, D., & Šekularac–Ivošević, S. (2022). Sustainable activities in Croatian marinas – towards the “green port” concept. Pomorstvo, 36 (2), 318-327.
Shen, L., Govindan, K., & Shankar, M. (2015). Evaluation of Barriers of Corporate Social Responsibility Using an Analytical Hierarchy Process under a Fuzzy environment: A Textile Case. Sustainability, 7 (3), 3493-3514.
Sheppard, B. H., Hartwick, J., & Warshaw, P. R. (1988). The Theory Of Reasoned Action: A Meta Analysis Of Past Research With Recommendations For Modifications And Future Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 325-343.
Shimp, T. A., & Kavas, A. (1984). The Theory of Reasoned Action Applied To Coupon Usage. Journal of Consumer Research, 11, 795-809.
Spinelli, R., & Benevolo, C. (2024). Sustainability in the Mediterranean tourist ports: The role of certifications. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 24 (3), 479-489.
Stein, M., & Acciaro, M. (2020). Value creation through corporate sustainability in the port sector: a structured literatura analisis. Suistainability, 12 (5504), 1-17.
Steurer, R. (2010). The Role of Governments in Corporate Social Responsibility: Characterising Public Policies on CSR in Europe. Policy Sciences, 43 (1), 49-72.
Stone, M. (1974). Cross-validatory choice and assessment of statistical predictions. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 36 (2), 111-147.
Terebinska, M. (2017). Corporate social responsibility at the port of Gdansk Authority SA. Marketing i Rynek, 11, 620-630.
Timane, R. (2012). Business Advantages of Corporate Social Responsibility: Cases from India. SSRN Electronic Journal. Available at SSRN 2180500.
United Nations (2015). Sustainable Development. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://sdgs.un.org/goals.
West, B., Hillenbrand, C., & Money, K. (2015). Building Employee Relationships through Corporate Social Responsibility: The Moderating Role of Social Cynicism and Reward for Application. Group & Organization Management, 40 (3), 295-322.
Williams, L. J., Vandenberg, R. J., & Edwards, J. R. (2009). Structural Equation Modeling in Management Research: A Guide for Improved Analysis. Academy of Management Annals, 3 (1), 543-604.