DISTINCTIVE ASPECTS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PSYCHOPATHY TRAITS: AN UPDATED REVIEW
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Abstract
Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized by three main dimensions: interpersonal, affective, and behavioral. However, a different perspective has been suggested which consists of two different variants that are interrelated: primary and secondary variants. Primary psychopathy refers to a central affective deficit that might have a genetic origin. On the other hand, secondary psychopathy is determined by adverse circumstances and traumatic experiences; despite the fact that both variants share a common affective deficit as a principal characteristic, the main difference is its anxiety level. Primary psychopaths display a low level of anxiety which makes them have a high level of dominance in the social realm; contrary to secondary psychopaths who display a high level of anxiety with outcomes related to the emotional processing, biological correlates, and the behavioral patterns.
During early developmental stages, callous-unemotional traits can be identified, as well as non-emotional traits as precursors of a psychopathic personality, and childhood maltreatment being one of the factors that plays a major role in the development of these traits.
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