Early development in communication skills: social vulnerability, temperamental styles and gender as modulating factors
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Abstract
Early communication is a fundamental ability in the first years of life and a predictor of academic achievement, also as an indicator for the diagnosis of developmental disorders and a predictor of regulatory skills due to its role in the development of higher executive functions. In Argentina, according to statistics, 42% of the population in the second half of 2020 was below the poverty line and, in terms of age groups, more than half (57.7%) of infants between 0 and 14 years of age live in poverty. The aim of this research was to analyze the association between expressive language in infants aged 12 to 40 months, and individual (temperament and gender) and environmental factors such as social vulnerability (educational level and parental occupation, overcrowding and presence of unsatisfied basic needs) in a sample of 145 participants from both vulnerable (53.1%, n=77, M=29.58, SD=8.00, female=50.6%) and non-vulnerable (N=68, M=23.33, SD=7.55, female=42.6%) sectors. The Permanent Household Survey (EPH) and the versions validated in Argentina of the Macarthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory, Form II (CDI) and the abbreviated form of the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire were used. A positive correlation was found for extroversion with vocabulary. Then, in both expressive language tests we found differences according to socioeconomic level in favor of the non-vulnerable group, a greater strength of positive correlation with the variables education and parental occupation, and differences were reported in favor of the female gender only in the sentence use test. The conclusion of the present study is that context, specifically parental educational and occupational level, would exert a greater variability in infants' vocalization and sentence use scores than individual temperamental differences.
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